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.Full nameAlice Maud MaryFatherMotherPrincess Alice of the United Kingdom (Alice Maud Mary; 25 April 1843 – 14 December 1878) was the from 1877 to 1878. She was the third child and second daughter of. Alice was the first of Queen Victoria's nine children to die, and one of three to be outlived by their mother, who died in 1901.Alice spent her early childhood in the company of her parents and siblings, travelling between the. Her education was devised by Albert's close friend and adviser, and included practical activities like needlework and woodwork and languages like French and German.
When her father, Prince Albert, became fatally ill in December 1861, Alice nursed him until his death. Following his death, Queen Victoria entered a period of intense mourning and Alice spent the next six months acting as her mother's unofficial secretary. On 1 July 1862, while the court was still at the height of mourning, Alice married the minor German, heir to the.
The ceremony—conducted privately and with unrelieved gloom at —was described by the Queen as 'more of a funeral than a wedding'. The Princess's life in was unhappy as a result of impoverishment, family tragedy and worsening relations with her husband and mother.Alice was a prolific patron of women's causes and showed an interest in nursing, especially the work of. When Hesse became involved in the, Darmstadt filled with the injured; the heavily pregnant Alice devoted a lot of her time to the management of field hospitals. One of her organisations, the Princess Alice Women's Guild, took over much of the day-to-day running of the state's military hospitals. As a result of this activity, Queen Victoria became concerned about Alice's directness about medical and, in particular, gynaecological, matters.
In 1871, she wrote to Alice's younger sister, who had recently married: ' Don't let Alice pump you. Be very silent and cautious about your 'interior'. In 1877, Alice became Grand Duchess upon the accession of her husband, her increased duties putting further strains on her health. In late 1878, infected the Hessian court. Alice nursed her family for over a month before falling ill herself, dying late that year.Princess Alice was the mother of (wife of ), maternal grandmother of (the last ), and maternal great-grandmother of (consort of ). Another daughter, who married, was, like the tsaritsa and her family, killed by the in 1918.
Contents.Early life Childhood Alice was born on 25 April 1843 at in. She was the second daughter and third child of, and her husband. She was christened 'Alice Maud Mary' in the private chapel at by, on 2 June 1843. 'Maud', the name for Matilda, was chosen in honour of one of Alice's godparents, a niece of. 'Mary' was chosen because Alice was born on the same day as her maternal great-aunt, the. Her gender was greeted with mixed feelings from the public, and even the sent a message to Albert expressing its 'congratulation and condolence' on the birth of a second daughter. Her godparents were the (her great-uncle; for whom the stood proxy), the (her aunt; for whom the stood proxy), the (her uncle; for whom the stood proxy) and Princess Sophia Matilda of Gloucester (her cousin).
Alice (right) and her sister in the 1850sAlice's birth prompted her parents to find a larger family home. Buckingham Palace was not equipped with the private apartments that Victoria's growing family needed, including suitable nurseries. Therefore, in 1844, Victoria and Albert purchased on the as a family holiday home. Alice's education was devised by her father and his close friend,. At Osborne, Alice and her siblings were taught practical skills such as housekeeping, cooking, gardening and carpentry, as well as daily lessons in English, French and German. Victoria and Albert favoured a monarchy based on family values; Alice and her siblings, who wore middle class clothing on a daily basis, slept in sparsely furnished bedrooms with little heating.
Alice was fascinated with the world outside the; at, where she seemed happiest, she visited the tenants living and working on the estate. On one occasion, she escaped from her at the chapel at and sat in a public pew, so she could better understand people who were not strict adherents to royal protocol. In 1854, during the, the eleven-year-old Alice toured London hospitals for wounded soldiers with her mother and her eldest sister. She was the most emotionally sensitive of her siblings and was sympathetic to other people's burdens, possessing a sharp tongue and an easily triggered temper. In her childhood, Alice formed a close relationship with her brother, and her eldest sister,. Victoria's marriage to in 1858 greatly upset her. Family caregiver.
Photograph by, June 1861Alice's compassion for other people's suffering established her role as the family caregiver in 1861. Her maternal grandmother, died at on 16 March 1861. Alice had spent much of her time at her grandmother's side, often played the piano for her in Frogmore's, and nursed her through the final stages of illness. Following her mother's death, the Queen broke down with grief and relied heavily on Alice, to whom Albert had given the instruction: 'Go and comfort Mama.'
The Queen wrote to her uncle, that 'dear good Alice was full of intense tenderness, affection and distress for me'.Only a few months later, on 14 December 1861, Albert died at. During his final illness, Alice remained at his bedside. Alice sent for the Prince of Wales by telegram, without the knowledge of the Queen, who refused to notify him because she blamed him for Albert's death. The Queen was distraught by her husband's death, and the court entered a period of intense mourning. Alice became her mother's unofficial secretary, and for the next six months, the physical representation of the monarch. Through her passed the Queen's official papers to and from her government ministers, while the Queen secluded herself from all public life.
Alice was aided in this task by her younger sister. Although, Louise's elder sister, would normally have been selected to assist, her inability to go long without crying was held against her. Marriage Suitors.
Louis of Hesse, 1860Alice's matrimonial plans were begun in 1860 by her mother. Queen Victoria had expressed her wish that her children should marry for love, but this did not mean that her choice of suitors would necessarily be extended to anybody outside the royal houses of Europe. Raising a British subject to royalty, however high their rank, was politically objectionable, and also wasted any opportunity for a useful foreign alliance. The Queen instructed her daughter, recently married to, to produce a list of eligible princes in Europe. Her search produced only two suitable candidates: the; and, cousin to Victoria's husband Frederick.
The Prince of Orange was soon discounted. He journeyed to so that Queen Victoria could look him over in person, but he proved unpalatable to Alice. The prince too showed little interest in Alice, despite strong pressure from his mother,. Prince Albert, too, was spurned, with remarking that his cousin would not do for 'one who deserves the very best'.With both of the leading candidates now discounted, Princess Victoria suggested, a minor German royal, the nephew of the. Princess Victoria had gone to the court of to inspect Louis's sister, as a potential bride for her brother, the. Although not favorably impressed with Princess Anna, she was impressed with Louis and his brother Prince Henry. Both were invited to in 1860, ostensibly so they could watch the in the company of the royal family, but in reality, the visit was a chance for the Queen to inspect her potential son-in-law.
The Queen admired both Louis and Henry, but noted how well Louis and Alice got along together. When the Hessian family departed, Louis requested Alice's photograph, and Alice made it clear that she was attracted to him.
Engagement and wedding. See also:Alice was engaged to Prince Louis of Hesse on 30 April 1861, following the Queen's consent. The Queen persuaded the Prime Minister, to vote Alice a of 30,000 (£2.75 million as of 2019). Although the amount was considered generous at the time, remarked that 'she will not be able to do great things with it' in the little realm of, compared to the riches that her sister Victoria would inherit as future.
Furthermore, the couple's future home in, the Grand Ducal seat, was uncertain. Although Queen Victoria expected that a new palace would be built, the people of Darmstadt did not want to meet that expense, and the resulting controversy caused resentment there. This meant that Alice was unpopular in Darmstadt before she even arrived. Princess Alice in 1861Between the engagement and the wedding, Alice's father died on 14 December 1861. Despite the Queen's grief, she ordered that the wedding should continue as planned.
On 1 July 1862, Alice and Louis were married privately in the dining room of, which was converted into a temporary chapel. The Queen was ushered in by her four sons, acting as a living screen blocking her from view, and took her place in an armchair near the altar. Alice was given away by her uncle, Albert's brother, and was flanked by four bridesmaids: her younger sisters, and, as well as Louis's sister. For the ceremony, Alice wore a simple white dress, with a veil of and a wreath of orange blossom and myrtle, but was required to wear black mourning clothes before and after the ceremony. The Queen, sitting in an armchair, struggled to hold back her tears, and was shielded from view by the and, her second son, who cried throughout the service. The weather at Osborne was dreary, with winds blowing up from the.
The Queen wrote to her eldest daughter, Victoria, that the ceremony was 'more of a funeral than a wedding', and remarked to that it was 'the saddest day I can remember'. The Queen gave her daughter a gold, diamond and pearl bracelet, inscribed as a gift from both parents To dear Alice from her loving parents Albert and Victoria R who though visibly parted are ever united, April 25, 1863. Amongst Alice's other wedding presents was a tiara designed by Prince Albert before his death.
The ceremony—described by Gerard Noel as 'the saddest royal wedding in modern times' —was over by 4 pm, and the couple set off for their honeymoon at St Claire in, a house lent to them by the Vernon Harcourt family. Alice's entourage consisted of, and Baron Westerweller (a Hessian courtier). Alice was careful not to displease the Queen after her marriage. When the Queen visited the couple at St Claire, Alice tried not to appear 'too happy'. Despite this, Alice's displays of romantic bliss made the Queen jealous of her daughter's happiness.
Princess Louis of Hesse Settling in Darmstadt. Alice with her husband, 1860sAlice and Louis arrived at on 12 July 1862 and were greeted by cheering crowds gathered in spite of pouring rain. After being introduced to town officials, they took a train to, where they had breakfast, before taking a steamer along the to. From there, they took a train to, where they were greeted with great enthusiasm. Alice wrote back to her mother that 'I believe the people never gave so hearty a welcome', while her sister Helena wrote that 'nothing could have been more enthusiastic than her entry into Darmstadt was″. Alice did not adapt immediately to her new surroundings.
She was homesick, and could not believe that while she was so far away from England, her father was not still alive and comforting her mother. The Queen confided to her journal:Already nearly a fortnight since our dear Alice has left and strange to say – much as she has been to me – and dear and precious as a comfort and an assistance, I hardly miss her at all, or felt her going – so utterly alone am I – by that one dreadful loss – that one thought, that everything passed by unheeded!The question of Alice's residence became an issue after her arrival, with the Grand Duke unwilling to fund a residence befitting a daughter of Queen Victoria with the low Hessian funds. The pair were given a house in Darmstadt's 'Old Quarter', which overlooked the street.
The carts rumbling past could easily be heard through the house's thin walls. However, it seemed to suit Alice well, and she spent as much time in Hesse as possible to familiarise herself with her new surroundings. She took art lessons from the court painter.In 1863, she travelled to England for the marriage of her brother, the Prince of Wales, and; Alice delivered her first child, on 5 April in the presence of Queen Victoria. The Darmstadt was called over to England especially for the christening.
Alice's relationship with her mother became difficult, which would continue until her death. After returning to Darmstadt in May, Alice and Louis were given a new residence, north-east of Darmstadt. Alice gave birth to her second daughter, nicknamed 'Ella', on 1 November 1864; Alice's decision to her newborn daughter upset her mother, who was against breastfeeding. The Queen was further upset at the realisation that Alice, having found true happiness, would be visiting England less and less. Austro-Prussian War. Alice with Louis and two of their children – Princess Victoria and Princess Elizabeth in 1866–67In 1866, called for to hand over administration of, which had until that point been jointly administered by the two powers, to the.
Prussia refused, and sent troops into Austrian-administered. This provoked war between Austria and Prussia, with Hesse siding with the Austrians, technically making Alice and her sister enemies.Alice, heavily pregnant with her, saw Louis depart to command the Hessian cavalry against the Prussians, and sent her children to stay with Queen Victoria in England. Despite her pregnancy, she performed the royal duties expected of her sex and station, making bandages for troops and preparing hospitals. On 11 July, she gave birth to; Prussian troops were on the verge of entering Darmstadt, she begged the Grand Duke to surrender on Prussia's terms. This provoked fury from the fiercely anti-Prussian, but Alice realised that the conquered German states would likely form a union which she, like her sister Victoria, supported.Alice and Louis communicated extensively during the war, with Alice urging Louis not to take too many risks, and Louis urging her not to worry. Panic ensued in Darmstadt, with the youth corps fleeing their posts, leaving only the palace sentries to defend the city. Eventually an armistice between Prussia and Hesse was concluded, and Louis wrote that they were now 'safe'.
He was reunited with Alice after the two met unexpectedly in the street, and they visited the wounded together. The Prussians entered Darmstadt, and Alice devoted much of her time to the sick and wounded. She was a friend of, who was able to collect and send money from England, and Alice used Nightingale's advice as to cleanliness and ventilation in hospitals.Despite being relieved that war was over, Alice was appalled by the behaviour of Prussian troops in Hesse; Berlin took the grand duchy's railways and telegraph systems, and assessed Hesse for three million in indemnity. Alice wrote to her mother, who in turn wrote to Princess Victoria, who responded that there was nothing she could do to relieve the 'painful and distressing position darling Alice was in', as it was 'one of the unavoidable results of this dreadful war'. Influence came from the, who urged the to allow the Grand Duke to keep his throne. The facts that the was the Grand Duke's aunt, and Alice's sister being also the Prussian Crown Princess are likely to have influenced Prussia's generosity.
However, Alice was angered by an untactful visit by Princess Victoria to the conquered region of, originally part of Hesse, shortly after it became Prussian territory. Religious beliefs Alice developed a friendship with the theologian. He was a controversial figure at the time; in 1835, he published The Life of Jesus, which argued that the were nonfactual myths and that the Bible could not be literally interpreted as God's word, a view akin to heresy in orthodox circles. Alice's view was similar to Strauss's, and she believed that contemporary Victorian society was presenting God in a way that would be 'unrecognisable to early Christians'. Strauss also offered Alice an intellectual companionship that her husband was not equipped to provide, and he was regularly invited to the New Palace to read to Alice privately. The friendship flourished; Strauss was introduced to Alice's sister Victoria and her brother-in-law, and he was invited by them to Berlin. In 1870, Strauss wanted to dedicate his new work Lectures on Voltaire to Alice, but he was too afraid to ask her; she spared him the need by asking him to dedicate them to her.
However, Alice's relationship with Strauss angered, who labelled Alice a 'complete atheist' after hearing about his promotion. Later life Tragedy befell Alice on 29 May 1873, when her youngest and favourite son, called 'Frittie', died after falling 20 feet from a window. The child suffered from, and although he regained consciousness, the internal bleeding could not be stopped. Alice never recovered from Frittie's death, writing to her mother two months later: 'I am glad you have a little coloured picture of my darling.
I feel lower and sadder than ever and miss him so much, so continually.' However, the Queen's attention was more focused on the engagement of her son to the, the only surviving daughter of and his first wife,. The Tsar had refused to present his daughter for pre-marriage inspection in England, and instead invited the Queen to meet the family in Germany. Alice supported this suggestion, and on the same day she wrote to the Queen about how much she missed Frittie, the Queen wrote to Alice in scathing terms: 'You have entirely taken the Russian side, and I do not think, dear child, that you should tell me.
What I ought to do.' After Frittie's death, Alice attached herself more closely to her only surviving son, Ernest, and her newborn daughter Marie.
In 1875 she resumed her public duties, including fund-raising, medical and social work, which had always held her interest. She maintained active correspondence with the social reformer. However, in these years, relations with her husband deteriorated. In late 1876, she travelled to England for treatment due to an internal complaint caused by a backward curvature of the womb, and remained at while she recovered. From Balmoral, she wrote to her husband criticising the childishness of his letters: 'if my children wrote me such childish letters – only short accounts – of where and what they had eaten or where they had been etc., and no opinions, observations and remarks, I should be surprised – and how much more so when you write like that!'
Memorial to Princess Alice of the United Kingdom in, Isle of WightAlice founded the Alice-Hospital in Darmstadt in 1869, to treat the city's sick and wounded. The organisation continued to flourish long after Alice's death, and in 1953, her grandson Louis, Earl Mountbatten of Burma gave a lecture on the hospital. He spoke highly of Alice, saying 'for her the point of departure always remained a human being who was ill and needed help, and his needs in war and peace. At his side stood the person willing to give help, wishing to ameliorate his needs and for this purpose could make use of an organisation which was becoming more and more streamlined.'
Among Alice's other establishments were the Alice Society for Women's Training and Industry, for the purpose of educating women, and the Princess Alice Women's Guild, an organisation devoted to training nurses. These organisations were especially active and important during the Austro-Prussian war, but the time Alice dedicated to them annoyed her husband, who saw them as consuming his wife's time at his expense. Descendants Alice's descendants went on to play significant roles in world history. Her fourth daughter, married of Russia, passing her mother's gene for haemophilia on to her only son, the.
Alix, her husband, and her children were in the city of in the summer of 1918, sixteen months after the forced Nicholas to abdicate. Alice's second daughter, Elizabeth, who had married, and had become a nun after his assassination in 1905, met a similar fate, being killed by the Bolsheviks the day after the former tsar and tsaritsa., son of Alice's eldest daughter, Victoria, was the last. He was assassinated by the IRA in 1979., her great-grandson through Victoria's daughter, married. Titles, styles, honours and arms. Alice's coat of arms as a princess of the United Kingdom Titles and styles. 25 April 1843 – 1 July 1862: Her Royal Highness The Princess Alice. 1 July 1862 – 13 June 1877: Her Royal Highness Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine.
13 June 1877 – 14 December 1878: Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Hesse and by RhineHonours. 1 January 1878:Arms In 1858, Alice and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, representing her father. The shield is differenced by a label argent of three points, demonstrating that she is the child of a monarch; the outer points bore an ermine spot each, and the centre bore a rose gules, to differentiate her from other members of the royal family.
Further information: NameBirthDeathNotesRef(s).5 April 186324 September 1950m. April 30, 1884, later Marquess of Milford Haven (24 May 1854 – 11 September 1921); 2 sons, 2 daughters (including ).1 November 186418 July 1918 †Took the name Elizabeth Feodorovna upon her baptism into the, m. June 15, 1884 (11 May 1857 – 17 February 1905), the seventh child and fifth son of; had no issue.11 July 186611 November 1953m. May 24, 1888, her first cousin, (14 August 1862 – 20 April 1929), son of; 3 sons.
Irene passed haemophilia on to two of her three sons: and.25 November 18689 October 1937Succeeded as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 13 March 1892; abdicated 9 November 1918; m. (1), April 9, 1894 his first cousin HRH (25 November 1876 – 2 March 1936); 1 son (stillborn) and 1 daughter, div. December 21, 1901.m. (2), February 2, 1905, HH (17 September 1871 – 16 November 1937); 2 sons.7 October 187029 May 1873Suffered from and died from internal bleeding after a fall from a window at the age of two and a half.6 June 187217 July 1918 †Took the name Alexandra Feodorovna on her baptism into the, m. November 26, 1894 (18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918 †); 1 son and 4 daughters. Their only son, suffered from haemophilia.24 May 187416 November 1878Died from at age four.† killed in the events that followed theAncestors.
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